Stocks represent ownership shares in publicly traded companies. They are widely used by fund managers to gain exposure to individual companies or specific sectors of the economy. Stocks offer the potential for capital appreciation and dividend income.​

Bonds are debt securities issued by governments, municipalities, or corporations. They provide fixed interest payments over a specified period and return the principal amount at maturity. Bonds are often used by fund managers seeking income and capital preservation.​

Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of securities. Fund managers actively manage the mutual fund, making investment decisions on behalf of the investors. Mutual funds offer diversification and professional management.

ETFs are similar to mutual funds but trade on stock exchanges like individual stocks. They offer investors exposure to a basket of securities, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities. ETFs provide flexibility, liquidity, and diversification.

Derivatives are financial contracts whose value derives from an underlying asset or index. Fund managers use derivatives, such as futures contracts, options, and swaps, for various purposes like hedging against potential losses, managing risk, or gaining exposure to specific markets or asset classes.

Money market instruments are short-term debt securities with high liquidity and low risk. Examples include Treasury bills, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit. Fund managers may use money market instruments to preserve capital and generate short-term income.​

​REITs are investment vehicles that own and manage income-generating real estate properties. They offer investors the opportunity to invest in real estate without directly owning properties. REITs can provide regular income and potential capital appreciation.​

​Commodities include physical goods like gold, oil, agricultural products, and metals. Fund managers may invest in commodities through futures contracts, exchange-traded products (ETPs), or commodity-focused funds. Commodities offer diversification and the potential for inflation protection.

Structured products are customised investment instruments that combine various elements like derivatives, bonds, and equities. They are tailored to meet specific investment objectives and risk profiles. Fund managers may use structured products to achieve specific investment strategies or provide capital protection.

Hedge funds are managed by skilled professionals using diverse strategies, aiming for absolute returns regardless of market conditions. They employ techniques like long/short positions, leverage, and alternative investments, utilizing approaches like arbitrage and event-driven investing.